Confidentiality (Cryptography) protects against unintentional, unlawful or unauthorized access, disclosure, or theft of any sensitive information.

• A. Privacy
• B. Identity Proofing
• C. Confidentiality (Cryptography)
• D. Attestation

Answer: (C)

Confidentiality in cryptography aims to prevent unauthorized access, disclosure, or theft of sensitive information. The main tool here is encryption: by converting plaintext into ciphertext, only someone with the correct key can decrypt and read the data. This protects data whether it’s stored or transmitted, so even if someone intercepts it or gains access, they can’t understand it without the key.

Privacy is related but different: it’s about controlling who can see personal data and how it’s used, whereas confidentiality is the technical safeguard that keeps data unreadable to unauthorized parties. Identity proofing is about verifying that a person or device is who they claim to be, not protecting the content of information itself. Attestation involves validating that a system or component is trustworthy, which is about trustworthiness rather than keeping data secret.

So the statement matches the purpose of confidentiality: preventing unapproved access or disclosure of sensitive information through cryptographic protections.